"Mutations of mitochondrial DNA, proteins and impaired mitochondrial function have been implicated in the neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and injury of the central nervous system (CNS). The dynamic feature of mitochondrial fusion, fission, trafficking and turnover have also been documented in these diseases.
To this end, mitochondrial transplantation presents a new paradigm of therapeutic intervention that benefits neuronal survival and regeneration for neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and CNS injury. Supplement of healthy mitochondria to damaged neurons has been reported to promote neuronal viability, activity and neurite re-growth. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advance and development on mitochondrial therapy."
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| Injury-induced morphogenesis and distribution of mitochondria in neurons. a Healthy neurons. b (upper panel) In response to neuronal injury, the size and number of mitochondria are increased around the axon hillock. (bottom panel) Stimuli, such as low-dose ionizing radiation stress, induces mitochondrial fusion [56]. c During neuronal regeneration, density of mitochondria and their transport are increased in the regenerating axon. Moreover, knockout of Snph or overexpressing Armcx1 have been shown to improve mitochondrial motility and promote axonal regeneration [59, 60] |
Comparing walking and running in persistence hunting - ScienceDirect
"The need for higher aerobic capacity and mitochondrial volume would rise with intensity of the locomotion, e.g., due to challenging terrain, carried loads, and velocity. As modern hunter-gatherers usually walk relatively slowly (e.g., about 1.1 m s−1 in Hadza; Pontzer et al., 2015), foraging might not require high aerobic capacity. Similarly, persistence hunting by walking would not be expected to select for higher aerobic capacity unless it benefited from faster velocities which require higher oxygen uptake (e.g., Ralston, 1958). More intensive running-based scavenging or persistence hunting would put stronger selection pressure for increased aerobic capacity in hominins compared to walking (Bramble and Lieberman, 2004; Pontzer, 2017)."
Contemplation / Eam Taekyoung
The energy transformers of our bodies and their roles are as follows.
* Small intestine = Final transformer of ingested food into blood-carrying nutrients (glucose, etc.)
* Lung = extractor of oxygen that can carry blood from the air
* Bone marrow = red blood cell producers, carriers of nutrients and oxygen
* Cardiovascular = Transporters into individual cells of blood (red blood cells, oxygen, nutrients, etc.)
* Mitochondria = Transformers of oxygen, nutrients, etc. in received blood into energy (ATP) available to individual cells
As explained above, mitochondria are responsible for finally converting energy into usable energy for cells. The fact that dementia treatment through mitochondrial transplantation is attracting attention as a new dementia treatment method and that aerobic exercise and mitochondrial volume are proportional to each other seem to enable a new interpretation of the causes and countermeasures of dementia. I feel the need to carry out the causes and solutions of dementia as follows.
A. Dementia is a degenerative disease. Physical activity decreases compared to life expectancy that has suddenly increased since the 1950s, and rapid progress to a labor and sitting-oriented society worsens the condition of the blood vessel system passing through the neck, especially after the age of 50, resulting in quantitative and qualitative deterioration of blood supplied to the brain.
B. In order to prevent dementia, it is most important to prevent the neck from bending forward in the average posture of daily life. Next, it is important to reduce the activity in which the brain continuously concentrates on something because fatigue substances accumulate when the breathing volume is small compared to the energy used. The reason why the life span of the writing job, which is inevitably stressful, is short compared to those with other jobs is because of breathing.
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