Criticism of Jared Diamond's ' ‎Guns, Germs, and Steel', Trustizational Society

Guns, Germs, and Steel - Namu Wiki (namu.wiki)

namu wiki : A book written by Jared Diamond. 'Why did civilizations develop first in the Old World, but not beyond a certain level in other areas, including the New World?' This is a book that analyzes whether we are far behind other civilizations. It is regarded as a book that well solved the question of the difference between civilizations with a geographical approach.

He began writing to answer the question of Yali, a New Guinean friend of Jared Diamond, who asked, "You white people developed so many cargoes and brought them all the way to New Guinea, so why didn't we black people build them?" is known to have done

Eam : My criticism of the book, 'Guns,  Germs and Steel' is based on the knowledge I learned while exploring the 'History of Changes in Body Posture' below.

Mutagenic extinction of tail due to 'long arms of monkey replace function of tail (about 25 million years ago, Apes) --> Knuckle walking in gorillas (about 8 million years ago) --> Beginning of bipedal walking (about 6 million years ago) -- > Mainly bipedal walking (about 4 million years ago) --> Use of tools (about 2.5 million years ago) --> Fully bipedal walking (about 2 million years ago) & Rapid increase in brain capacity --> Use of fire (about 140 million years ago) --> Use of spears for hunting (about 500,000 years ago) --> Bipedal walking with zero head moment (about 400,000 years ago to about 400,000 years ago) --> Appearance of Homo sapiens (about 200,000 years ago) --> Beginning of clothing (about 120,000 years ago) --> Use of language (about 100,000 to about 50,000 years ago) --> Migrating out of Africa (about 45,000 years ago) --> D4 mutation occurrence (about 40,000 years ago) --> Beginning of agriculture (about 10,000 years ago) --> Use of letters (about 7,000 years ago) - -> Emergence of civilization (about 6,000 years ago) --> Emergence of law (about 5,000 years ago) --> Generalization of agriculture (about 3,000 years ago) & Bipedal walking with protruded head moment & Beginning of brain capacity decrease --> Invention of the automobile (about 250 years ago) --> Invention of the Internet (about 70 years ago) & Rapid sedentary activity-oriented socialization & intensification of slouching

namu wiki : Summarizing the overall contents of the book, it explains that the reason for the difference in the level of development of civilization even for the same human being is due to the geographical and environmental characteristics of each region. Specifically, it adds an explanation that the overall level of civilization development in each region, such as survival and breeding, has increased as a result of differences in food production due to geographical and climatic differences. Therefore, the conclusion of this book is to argue that differences in economic power and level of civilization development are due to environmental factors such as geography and climate, not differences in innate ability by race.

Eam : I generally agree with Jared Diamond's argument above. However, more fundamentally, it can be interpreted that Europe was able to gain the upper hand in the development of civilization because it was in the position of a neighboring country (not a dominant country) and was exposed to a constant state of instability after accepting the culture of other regions.

namu wiki : To prove this, the example of the indigenous people of Papua New Guinea, who had maintained a civilization at the level of the Stone Age for thousands of years, suddenly encountered Western civilization. Although his native father wore only a stone axe, his son received a modern education and grew up to become an airplane pilot. This shows that even humans in primitive tribal societies are not genetically inferior in intelligence, and if given enough opportunities and environments, they can demonstrate as much or higher abilities as humans in developed civilized societies.

In addition, on the contrary, assuming that humans in civilized societies who are accustomed to life in cities or developed civilized societies adapt to life in tribal societies living in harsh natural environments, they cannot distinguish what wild plants are edible, and primitive It is argued that it cannot be concluded that a human being of modern civilization is intellectually superior to a human living a primitive life because he can show a sufficiently low level, such as not being able to even hunt wild animals with human tools.[1][2]

Therefore, in response to the question of the author's friend Yali, the reason Europeans were able to dominate New Guineans was not because of racial or genetic differences, but because of differences in the level of civilization caused by environmental factors.

Eam : Instability causes change. In a state of equilibrium, change rarely occurs. According to Nobel laureate in Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine, all states of the world can be thermodynamically divided into three states: equilibrium, near-equilibrium, and far from equilibrium (convection by boiling water, BZ reaction). Although the principle of order is generally correct, in a system where matter and energy can enter and exit is 'far from equilibrium', a weak fluctuation factor sucks energy from the disordered state, reducing entropy and creating a new order. He says that irreversibility causes instability, instability produces self-organization, and self-organization conceives life. It is life that is constantly in a state of being out of equilibrium, and death is the most stable state.

I believe that maturation or aging in living organisms is the result of the second law of thermodynamics, and humans conceive religion/art/science through the absorption of external energy and are moving toward civilization, the opposite direction of disorder. Ilya Progozhin's words above seem to be a scientific extension of the interpretation of 'the life and death of life', and I feel that I have no reluctance to answer the question of why this extension is not applicable not only to life but also to human society, a social organism. .

Migration is an adventure. It also means intentionally entering a state of instability. A weak fluctuation factor absorbs energy from a disordered state, and entropy decreases, entering a state where a new order can be created (see Figure 1). However, the Mayan and Inca civilizations of the Americas, and the South Pacific civilizations, which were settled through migration, continued for a long time in a relatively equilibrium state than Europe.

namu wiki : If you look at the contents of each item in the book, it is as follows.

Part 1 shows how diverse human societies can be through the history of Polynesian society. Humans in Polynesian society had little interaction with each other and had different natural environments, showing various forms of social differentiation, from empires to simple villages. The author said that he chose Polynesia as a model for analysis because it was a relatively isolated society with little interaction with the outside world, so it was easy to find the cause of the difference in development level between societies without being affected by many other variables. And the author points out that the cause of the difference in the level of development among each human society in Polynesia is the difference in food production capacity due to the difference in geographical environment.

Eam : Instability is the driving force behind the evolution of life and social organisms (organizations, nations, etc.). The degree of change is bound to be greater in societies that are frequently and strongly exposed to 'states far from equilibrium'.

namu wiki : Afterwards, based on the same logic, the second and third parts examine the reason why the Spanish Expedition to Pizarro unilaterally occupied the Inca Empire. Here, it further explains how the specific correlation between food production and civilization development is. For example, as the productivity of food increases, the population also increases, and for this purpose, it is necessary to systematically manage the growing population and food production, resulting in the birth of a political system. As it developed more and more, states and empires appeared.

Eam : Organisms or living things have some general characteristics that distinguish them from inanimate objects. It has independent self-reproduction ability, independent energy conversion ability, and independent homeostasis maintenance ability. In order for us to call it a social organism, a particular society must have the ability to multiply independent members, produce and consume goods independently, and have independent social organisms and the ability to protect members of the organism. ​

From this point of view, the current human society can be seen as a state that is transitioning from a tribal organism and a national organism to a Global organism. As for the factors that affect the evolution of social organisms, the development of means of transportation and communication seems to act as the most important variable.

namu wiki : Part 4 presents a direction by examining various research topics in human history based on the logic from Part 1 to Part 3. Since when did China become full of Chinese? How did the Austronesian language family, which originated in South China[3], spread into Polynesia while driving out the Negritos? How did the Bantu people, who make up most of sub-Saharan Africa, spread? Why did North and South America fall behind Eurasia in terms of civilization? They talk about topics such as environmental, geographic, and climatic stories.

In the final epilogue, the previous contents are summarized and geographical speculation is made about "Then, why did Europe necessarily win within Eurasian society?" In West Asia, due to the nature of latitude, once the environment was damaged, it could not be reversed, and in China, it was easy to reproduce environmentally, but innovation was limited because it was geographically integrated. On the other hand, Europe is divided into complex geography, so it is explained that there was no integrated political body that could put the brakes on innovation across the continent, and it was able to develop through internal competition.

Eam : After evolving into a National organism, European states since the Middle Ages have been in a state of instability in which countries struggle for survival for a long time. A huge number of people have a history of being sacrificed by war (guns and steel) and viruses (germs).

'Excessive energy accumulation' and 'deepening speed of energy distribution imbalance' are the speed of aging of individual lives or individual social organisms. As Harvard University biologist Bernd Heinrich puts it, "Eating extra calories means growing faster, maturing faster, and thus living a shorter lifespan." The difference between European settler societies and Native American societies can be seen as the fact that the social maturation (aging) of European settler societies was much faster than that of Native American societies. Meanwhile, the structure of human society has evolved in the direction of more sophisticated imitation of the human body and mind (brain). Rapid aging increased the sophistication of social structures as a result of imitative activity. It doesn't seem too difficult for a seasoned, aggressive society to take over a younger, less aggressive one.

namu wiki : After developing the contents of the text in this way, the author explains through the epilogue what he wants to say through the book. I am arguing that it does. For example, experiments that can be simply repeated in a laboratory can arbitrarily exclude external factors and variables and explore whether independent variables and dependent variables are related or not, and explore the causal relationship. However, when observing the natural environment itself, the observer is arbitrarily inseparable except for various variables.

So in astronomy, for example, you cannot arbitrarily create and destroy galaxies, and in climatology, you cannot manipulate natural disasters to test ice ages. However, since these sciences such as astronomy and climatology have a scientific system and qualifications for science, and history has essentially the same characteristics as the science field, which focuses on observation and analysis, scientific research is possible as well. The book concludes with an optimism that, by scientifically studying history and closely analyzing the past and present, it can suggest a way forward for mankind.[4]

Eam : I think science can be divided into science in a narrow sense and science in a broad sense.

- Narrow Science: Falsifiable & Refutable & Testable & Allable

- Broad Science: Efforts to more objectively interpret the reality of curiosity and fear

On the other hand, science in a narrow sense is generally an interpretation of things with not too many variables related to cause and effect, and science in a broad sense can be seen as an interpretation of things with very many variables. Something that is difficult to interpret with the human brain because there are so many variables, like the butterfly effect, seems to be considered unscientific. I'm a fluid dynamics engineer, so I do a lot of simulations. My simulation deals with more than hundreds of variables, and I get the feeling that if the characteristics of each variable are clarified, even a simulation involving a large number of variables can produce relatively reasonable analysis results.

The intensity of the struggle for survival is mainly influenced by two variables, 'security of energy' and 'fear'. The stability of securing energy is greatly influenced by the development of 'science and technology'. Fear comes from ignorance and disbelief. Since the Middle Ages, the fears of European nations have been so intense that they cannot be compared to those of other regions.

namu wiki : In the book, the following are mentioned as essential elements that influence the development of civilization.

The title, 'Guns, Germs, and Steel' are representative items that symbolize these essential elements.

In order for civilization to develop, many humans must first be able to eat and live. Therefore, sufficient food production is a necessary condition, and accordingly, 'agriculture' is necessary, and plant species suitable for agriculture are limited. Because the Old Continent was very wide in the east-west transverse axis, the spread of species was free, and the variety of plants was abundant. In addition, the plant species of the Old World had a very high calorific efficiency compared to those of the New World.

It was relatively late in the discovery of corn in the New World, and the development of civilization was delayed as well. In addition, the land mass was vertically long, so it was difficult to spread even if a good variety came out. This is because the climatic difference is greater when spread from north to south than when spread from east to west. [5] See 'Interaction' below.

Eam : Through evolution in the direction optimized for hunting through perfect upright posture and relentless running, humans have achieved optimal efficiency by minimizing the moment (force to rotate around a point) generated in the body during energy acquisition activities. This has led to a surge in the efficiency of obtaining food for survival, which has led to population growth (see research papers from Colorado State University and Washington University in St. Louis). However, as time passed, they faced the limits of food supply by hunting and gathering. Hunting is possible in flatlands such as the Serengeti in Africa, but in valleys, explosive agility is more important than persistence. In the end, it seems that the population growth and the expansion of the living area to the valley area due to this naturally flowed into the choice of accepting agriculture as an alternative to hunting and gathering.

Changes in brain capacity and population growth need to be considered as important factors in interpreting human civilization. Brain volume appears to be very closely related to human uprightness. The direction of evolution toward a higher life was to minimize the moment (force to rotate around a point) generated in the body during energy acquisition activities. Population change has a direct relationship with the stability of food that guarantees survival.

namu wiki : It is also essential to supply enough protein sources in food production. However, like plant species, there are also limited animal species that can be domesticated. According to the author, animal species that can be domesticated well must have special conditions, such as being docile in nature, growing quickly and having a short generation, living in vertical groups, and being herbivores.[6] ]

The Old World was also advantageous in this regard, and various animals such as horses, cows, dogs, sheep, camels, pigs, and chickens were domesticated and used as mobility, protein sources, and resources. As a supplement to this, like the New World, which will be described later, among the Old World, in sub-Saharan Africa, there was not a single kind of livestock that humans could tame.[7] The cattle and sheep currently raised by African nomads were handed down to them by Muslim traders hundreds of years ago. The New World was far worse than Africa in this respect, and the only large ruminants domesticated were llamas, domesticated by the Incas. However, the synergistic effect of cockroaches + large animals was impossible because the area where the cockroach was developed was separated by the tropics. The story that they were separated by the tropics means that the long land mass from north to south was a problem this time too.

In addition, frequent contact with intensively raised livestock crossed the barrier between species and created zoonotic diseases, transferring germs from other species to humans, which made humans in the Old World sick but at the same time immune to them. However, without these large-scale large livestock, humans in the New World were relatively immune to as many infectious diseases as humans in the Old World. As soon as humans arrived in the New Continent, they literally became walking germs.[8]

Eam : In the past, germs were an unrecognized, invisible threat. The fear that ignorance derives increases aggression. Modern sedentary socialization tends to increase people's continuous low-intensity stress, which is the main cause of increased aggression and depression. It seems that the most powerful threat to mankind in modern society is 'virus' and 'exposure to a sedentary activity-oriented society'.

namu wiki : A climate is basically made up of temperature and precipitation, and in the case of temperature, it is almost always determined by latitude unless there is a difference in altitude. Therefore, the difference in climate is bound to be much greater between the north and the south than the east and west. However, since a creature or culture has evolved to suit the climate and natural environment of a region, movement within climates is easy, but movement between climates is much more difficult. Because Eurasia has a wide continental axis from east to west, it was possible to achieve mutual mutual development through exchanges between east and west. For example, paper and gunpowder developed in Chinese civilization spread to Europe through the Middle East, stimulating mutual development and spreading ideas, plants, animals, and people.[9]

However, because the New Continent is a wide terrain from north to south, exchanges between civilizations in different climatic zones were rare. The Inca civilization in South America, the Mayan civilization or Aztec civilization in Central America, and the indigenous peoples of North America had little interaction with each other, so they could not acquire inventions, domesticated animals, and domesticated plants from other civilizations, so the rate of development was slow. The corn problems mentioned in the plants section above are typical. Another good example is that the llama and the wheel are not combined. There were llamas in the Andes, but transportation efficiency was very poor because they did not develop wheels.[10] However, in Mesoamerica, even though wheels were developed for toys, they could not be used for transportation because there were no large livestock such as llamas. In Central America, for the same reason, crops that were very useful for food production, such as potatoes, were not introduced. North America and Central America had good circumstances, so they had exchanges, and the Aztecs were also migrants from the north, but even this was on a very limited scale compared to the exchanges within Eurasia. In addition, Central America and the Andes, which are blocked by a rugged tropical isthmus from Guatemala to Colombia, were virtually impossible to exchange. Even now, there is no proper road connection between North/Central America and South America! Because the huge swamp/alpine region between Panama and Colombia is a natural barrier, the movement of people and goods into and out of the South American continent is entirely dependent on air/ship. See Darien Gap.[11] It means that it wasn't that Americans didn't interact because they lacked the spirit of exploration.

Eam : Athens : 38 degrees north latitude, Rome : 42 degrees north latitude, Lisbon (Portugal) : 38 degrees north latitude, Madrid (Spain) : 40 degrees north latitude, Paris : 47 degrees north latitude, London : 52 degrees north latitude, Berlin : 52 degrees north latitude, Beijing: 40 degrees north latitude, Tokyo: 35 degrees north latitude, Moscow: 55 degrees north latitude, Washington D.C.: 39 degrees north latitude. ​

What do these cities have in common? It is the capital of countries that were once the most powerful on the planet, or are rated as the most powerful today. All are located between 35 degrees and 55 degrees north latitude. All of them have spring, summer, fall, and winter, and because of this, they have DNA that inevitably has good adaptability to environmental changes, so it is highly likely that they have a culture that is relatively well accommodating to other changes. So, they actively accepted advanced technologies and cultures, and created new technologies and cultures using the accepted technologies and cultures and the existing technologies and cultures, and the new technologies and cultures were once superior to neighboring countries in national power. seems to have made In addition, most of these countries have been culturally in the position of neighboring countries for a considerable period of time, so they have felt cultural thirst for a long time, so they seem to be countries with a very high acceptability of external culture. In particular, Europe and Japan seem to have many similarities in terms of neighboring countries, thirst, and high receptivity.

Eam : There are already some things I have already said, but the main order of evolution of organisms that I have organized in my own way through research in anthropology and biology are as follows.

1. The Principle of Optimal Efficiency

The direction of evolution toward a higher life was to minimize the moment (force to rotate around a point) generated in the body during energy acquisition activities. This can be expressed as the direction of pursuing optimal efficiency for energy acquisition/consumption. Animals that walk have been optimized in the direction of upright, and animals that fly or swim in the streamlined direction. Here, 'pursuit' does not mean pursuit as a direct will. Looking back at the results of interactions between natural selection and rare leaps (mutations), a tendency that can be interpreted as 'pursuit' is observed.

2. The Instability Principle

Instability is the driving force behind the evolution of life and social organisms (organizations, states, etc.). Ilya Prigogine, Nobel laureate in chemistry, said, “Irreversibility leads to instability, instability begets self-organization, and self-organization gives rise to life.” In the same principle, desire (irreversibility) causes confusion (instability), confusion (instability) gives birth to the will to change (self-organization), and the will to change (self-organization) has conceived a new society (life).

3. Principles of Aging

'Excessive energy accumulation' and 'speed of deepening energy distribution imbalance' are the speed of aging of individual lives or individual social organisms. As Harvard University biologist Bernd Heinrich puts it, "Eating extra calories means growing faster, maturing faster, and thus living a shorter lifespan."

4. The principle of imitation

The structure of human society has evolved in the direction of more sophisticated imitation of the human body and mind (brain) and will continue to do so! Socio-structural evolution is human's particle avatarization, and metaverse can be seen as wave avatarization.

5. Principles of metacognition

All living beings walk the path of optimal efficiency in their own way. However, the path can be classified into two paths. The first way is to conform to the will (survival and reproduction) of the selfish genes (blueprints). The second way is to go beyond the will of this gene through metacognition. This is a violation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. ​ Socrates' words "Know thyself!" can be seen as the official starting point of metacognition and social evolution.

Let's summarize. In all history, the above five principles always work, but 'Guns, Germs and Steel' seems to be another expression of the era in which the 'principle of instability' exerted the greatest influence.

It seems that European countries, which had the situational characteristics of neighboring countries, thirst, and high acceptability, were able to overwhelm other regions with their skills that went through rapid maturation (aging) catalyzed by strong instability and fear.

It can be seen that Europe, where fear was an overwhelming emotion, was a history of torturing areas where the feeling of stability prevailed. It seems that the global society in the future will gradually escape from the fear of the unknown and gradually move toward an era of stability (?) through the activation of metacognition based on art, science, and technology.

The metacognitive level of the current human society can be seen as a beginner level.

- Beginner: A level to know how others evaluate you

- Intermediate: A level where you know how to respond to various external conditions

- Advanced: A level at which you can know and control internal basic factors [posture (body), stress (fear), food (desire)] that affect your response pattern

​How will the expansion of metacognition affect mankind? Where will we end up with a society in which fear is reduced, instability is reduced, and connectivity is enhanced through improved transportation and communication? I predict that the expansion of metacognition will lead to a long-term flow into a trust-based society. A simple explanation of a trust-based society can be seen as 'a society in which trust is substantially as important as money (energy)'.

- Trust = Authenticity (continuity, transparency) + Logic (discern for the essence, creativity, analytical ability) + Empathy (university, openness, honesty)

- Trustization = Reinforcement of Authenticity + Reinforcement of logic + Reinforcement of empathy

- Primitive society --> Tribal society --> Monarchist society --> Democratic society --> Trustizational society

And the metacognition above may vary in detail, but in the end it can be summarized as about the weakness of three human functions (the function to respond to the gradual and continuous environmental change, the function to manage oversatisfaction, and the function to simplify complex information).

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#Jared #Diamond #guns #germs #seel #Criticism #Trustizational #Society

The 7 main principles of posture (RFCBCRD)

Principle 1 (principle of fitness for Running): We humans have a body fit for running.

There are many evidences in our body that prove that our body is suitable for running during hunting and gathering activities in the Paleolithic Age. Anthropologists estimate that Paleolithic humans ran for about 3 to 4 hours a day. However, according to a study by Stanford University in the United States in 2017, it was found that modern people around the world only walk for about an hour on average. Predictably, modern people seem to sit for about 14 hours on average. Excluding sleeping time, most of the day can be seen as a sedentary life. This means that the 'environment of the body considered evolutionarily' and the 'living environment of modern people' are very different.

However, in some countries the average life expectancy of modern humans has reached close to 90 years. Due to the development of medicine, the 'real lifespan of modern people' is much longer than the 'designed lifespan of the body considering evolution'. The 'design lifespan of the body considered evolutionarily' can be 38 years old, which is the natural lifespan of humans suggested by researchers at the University of Western Australia. Therefore, it seems that modern people have no choice but to live a difficult life after the age of 50, especially due to degenerative diseases.

After all, modern people live in a living environment that is quite different from that of Paleolithic humans, so it seems that there is a space where we have to think about how to properly adapt to this changed environment.

'Things that can be considered as the main characteristics of the body when running' are that the plantar sesamoid bone is strongly stimulated, and the center of gravity of the body at the time of landing is slightly lower than when standing. In addition, the chest space is expanded, and 'the center of gravity of the body is slightly moved forward to demonstrate the driving force' may be included.

The less the physical stress is accumulated, the less the moment generated by the horizontal deviation from the joints or vertebrae on the force transmission path, which is caused by the weight of a specific body part, is minimized. Also, as the moment is minimized, breathing can be deep and long.

On the other hand, in our body, an action for moment balance occurs automatically and unconsciously in the joints or vertebrae parts of the lower body with respect to the moment generated in the upper body parts.

Body #posture #change #history

Extinction of tail mutation due to long-armed tail function replacement in monkeys (about 25 million years ago, Apes) --> Knuckle walking in gorillas (about 8 million years ago) --> Beginning of bipedal walking (about 6 million years ago) -- > Primarily bipedal (ca. 4 million years ago) --> Use of tools (ca. 2.5 million years ago) --> Fully bipedal locomotion (ca. 2 million years ago) --> Rapid increase in brain capacity --> Use of fire (ca. 140 million years ago) 10,000 years ago) --> Use of spears for hunting (about 500,000 years ago) --> Zero head moment bipedal locomotion (about 400,000 to about 40,000 years ago) --> Beginning of clothing (about 120,000 years ago) -- > Use of language (about 100,000 years ago to about 50,000 years ago) --> Modern humans post-Africa (about 45,000 years ago) --> D4 mutation occurred (about 40,000 years ago) --> Beginning of agriculture (about 10,000 years ago) before) --> Use of writing (about 7,000 years ago) --> Emergence of civilization (about 6,000 years ago) --> Emergence of law (about 5,000 years ago) --> Generalization of agriculture (about 3,000 years ago) --> Head moment-reinduced bipedalism & brain capacity decline --> Invention of the automobile (about 250 years ago) --> Invention of the Internet (about 70 years ago) --> Rapid sedentary activity-oriented socialization & Intensification of slouching

The second principle (principle of Folding screen structure): Our body has a folding screen structure in the forward and backward directions, and the moment is minimized as the screen structure is folded forward and backward.

The folding screen structure means a combination of a folding screen, which is a combination of a plate and a hinge, and a hydraulic actuator that induces pushing and pulling forces in terms of the composition of mechanical elements.

When we stand or walk with this screen structure, the moment is minimized when we take a posture with our chest pushed forward while slightly pulling our hips back (in other words, slightly bending our knees). In this way, the moment induced by the chest protruding forward and the moment induced by the hip and arm retracted backward are similar in magnitude, but the moment directions are opposite, so the sum of the moments becomes almost zero. In addition, when the head is in a more or less upward gaze, the distance that the center of gravity of the head is horizontally deviated from the cervical vertebrae is minimized, and the moment caused by the head is also minimized. In this position, relatively deep breathing can occur than in other positions. In particular, not only the head but also the center of gravity of the arm must be placed at a position where moment generation is minimized.

Even when sitting, a simplified posture with a two-dimensional, seven-tier folding screen structure is advantageous in minimizing the moment. However, the thigh is placed on a chair support with the front side inclined downward by about 12 degrees relative to the horizontal plane. In addition, the maximum load is applied to the soles of the feet when standing, but the maximum load is applied to the thighs when sitting. It is recommended that the function of the sole of the foot be reduced by compensating for a slight moment for the 'center of gravity of the upper body placed in front of the lumbar vertebrae'.

When the center of gravity of the upper body goes beyond the vertical line in the picture below, the vertebrae are converted to share the moment generated in the upper body.

3rd principle (principle of Change): In taking a posture, the more you change the repetition of muscle tension and relaxation in a cycle that is closer to breathing, which is a series of inhalation and exhalation, the less stress is accumulated on the muscles.

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​This principle means that fatigue accumulates the longer you maintain the same posture even if the moment is minimized. When walking or running, changes in posture occur naturally in short cycles. However, this is not usually a case of sitting down and doing something that requires concentration. From the point of view of reducing fatigue, it is good to change positions as often as possible, even while sitting. In general, the reason why a lot of fatigue accumulates in a sitting position is that there is no product that considers the principle of folding screen structure and the principle of change in office furniture.

4th Principle (Principle of Balance): The closer your time-averaged posture is to the one where the moments are minimized, the less fatigue builds up.

As time-averaged postures of standing, walking, and sitting postures, which change moment by moment according to people's various lifestyles, have a minimized moment, blood circulation occurs more smoothly in muscles and cells, so fatigue is less accumulated. Also, from the point of view of recovery, trying to take a correct posture when postural imbalance occurs on one side does not mean returning to the correct posture. Even coming back can take a very long time. Therefore, it is necessary to take a slight excessive posture in the reverse direction of the deformed direction from a line that does not burden the body, so that it can return to the correct posture in a relatively short time.

Fifth Principle (Principle of Connection): Posture (body), food (desire), and stress (fear) are interconnected and influence each other.​​

Posture (body), food (desire), and stress (fear) are the main environmental factors that make up a person's life, and they influence each other. Among these three elements, food and stress can be seen as the direct underlying environment, and when these underlying environments deteriorate, their effects are revealed on the body and mind in a relatively short period of time. On the other hand, posture can be seen as an underlying environment that affects more slowly and comprehensively. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to be aware of this tendency on your own.

Posture deteriorates relatively slowly, and its effects are gradually revealed on the body and mind, and it is difficult for people to recognize that it is because of the posture. In addition, when the posture is bad, the tendency to seek stimulating food increases and the ability to cope with stress tends to decrease.

The quantity and quality of food affects a person's health, and if this is not good, it directly affects health, and the effect is also revealed in posture and emotional disposition.

Stress is not only a result of poor posture and food environment, but also a cause of them. In particular, sustained low-intensity stress is the main cause of obesity, aggression, and depression. Prolonged sitting in a slouched posture is a major factor inducing low-intensity, sustained stress.

Many major environmental changes that came to human society unknowingly have long since deviated from the range that the human evolutionary body and mind can accommodate. Therefore, in order to adapt well to this escape environment, additional efforts are needed to understand and adjust the system of the human body and mind.

6th Principle (Law of Recovery): Recover by taking the opposite posture of the deformed posture.

The greater the degree of deviation from good posture and the longer the period, the more severe the posture deformation. If you take a posture that is opposite to this habitual posture transformation (center of gravity position and rotation direction of each part of the body), you can recover a good posture in a relatively short time.

Also, the muscles of our body allow changes in the skeletal structure that only adapt to changes in load (posture) lasting for several months!

The process and mechanism of self-posture recovery

1. Understanding good posture (= posture that is as close to running posture as possible under given conditions)

2. Objectification of deformed posture status through related experts

3. CG (pelvis, shoulder, head) and rotation state (feet, pelvis, shoulder) of the body part that is out of good posture and the opposite posture are maintained for about 3 hours

4. Temporary reorganization of involved muscles occurs

5. Maintain the opposite posture for about 3 hours a day for about 1-3 months

6. Semi-permanent postural reorganization is complete, no longer requiring conscious intervention.

※ If you maintain the opposite posture for about 3 hours, in the initial stage, the posture is maintained without conscious intervention only on the day. If the effort of 3 hours a day lasts for about 1 to 3 months, good posture does not come down to my body naturally.

Shifting the center of gravity to recover the deformed posture creates an awkward and even slightly unpleasant feeling. But if you want to contribute to your own health and well-being, and perhaps even less aggression from mankind, you should know that you need to adopt a posture similar to that used for running while sitting and walking.

7th Principle (Law of Daily life): Maintaining and restoring posture should ensure continuity in daily life.

If possible, a person's daily life needs to include 'labor' and 'recovery activities to the normal state of posture deformation caused by the labor' in activities within a day (or within a week). If recovery activities require special will and expenses, it is difficult to sustain them throughout life. Activities without continuity are short-lived events.

Definition of labor : Activities that keep the thoracic space in a constricted state or contribute to constriction of the thoracic space in the long term.

Definition of movement : Activities that maintain an enlarged thoracic space or contribute to an enlarged thoracic space in the long term.

Definition of rest : Activities that maintain, or contribute to, long-term relaxation of muscle and emotional tension

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Therefore, if there is an unavoidable deformation of posture due to physical or mental labor, it is necessary to take measures to restore the deformation in a routine way in daily life.

If you study or work for 2 hours, it is recommended to walk for 10 minutes to 1 hour depending on your situation. This is a lifelong, sustainable way to keep your body and mind in peak condition, anytime, anywhere. In terms of productivity, it may be a better way than before.

Copy right 2023 Eam Taekyung All right reserved.

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CES trend & investment/collaboration (chair & monitor system)

1. Introduction to patents under examination

a. Patent background

I see humans as having a body fit for running.

https://posturalscience.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-7-main-principles-of-posture.html

In addition, as human society changed from a walking or running activity-oriented society to a sitting-oriented society after the Industrial Revolution, people's muscle mass decreased, and the posture of looking down when sitting for a long time caused a large moment (force to rotate around one point). is leading daily life in a state where I see this as the root cause of all kinds of problems with people's spinal systems.

https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/8042242877052713357/821367660411186906

b. Principles of patent applications

I think that solving the two problems below can alleviate not only various degenerative diseases, but also aggression and depression, which are rapidly increasing due to the progress of a sedentary society due to prolonged sitting. So in November 2021 and May 2022, I applied for a patent that solves these two problems, respectively, and the screening is underway.

The first patent allows you to maintain a frontal or slightly upward gaze (see attached file below). As the person leans forward to take a closer look, the monitor moves closer to the person and eventually the person moves back. When a person leans back to see the entire monitor, the monitor moves away from the person, eventually causing the person to move forward.

Patent for Monitor

The second patent allows the chair support to perform yawing or pitching movements at appropriate intervals so that the contraction and relaxation of related muscles are repeated.

Patent for Chair

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2. Investment or collaboration

I plan to commercialize the above two patents. Please contact those who are willing to invest or collaborate in this regard!

E-mail : malchus@naver.com

Copy right 2023 Eam Taekyung All right reserved.

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“Healthcare and robots are the last barriers remaining… Surprisingly, there are so many SW startups out of 600 Korean participating companies” - Chosun Ilbo (chosun.com)

Healthcare seeking a breakthrough

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- CES organizers picked human-centered technology as a key topic this year.

Seong-yoon Seon(Doctor of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University): “It means that we should reconsider from what point of view we will approach when developing technology. For example, in automobiles, performance and safety were the top priorities in the past. But this time around, companies like Hyundai Mobis and Bosch have introduced products and technologies that focus on how to reduce stress for drivers and passengers in vehicles. The subject of concern for companies has become people, not cars. It is in a similar context that Samsung, LG, Amazon, and Google all emphasized the connection between all devices in the world. It is important to improve the performance of individual devices, but it has become more important to optimize them in consideration of the overall lives of people who use them.”

- The CES exhibition field is expanding to the extent of reaching 41 categories.

Gong Gyeong-cheol(Doctor of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley University): “We need to throw away the idea that the core of CES is home appliances and TV. Furniture, cosmetics, and agricultural equipment companies, as well as the United States Postal Service (USPS) and insurance companies set up booths at CES. A new trend is that more and more companies are using CES to expand their markets. In fact, the exoskeleton robot from German Bionic Systems, which won the CES Best Innovation Award this year, was released five years ago. Originally sold for industrial safety, only the color was changed to prevent falls for the elderly. It was packaged with a new concept to enter the US market. It showed that it is not necessary to have a new technology or new product to attract attention at CES.”

- Participation of healthcare companies has increased noticeably.

Cheolhong Kim(Doctor of Medical Engineering, University of Washington): “The healthcare industry is at an important crossroads. Over the years, sophisticated and novel technologies have continued to emerge, but few products are still used in hospitals. For healthcare technology, such as wearable devices, to be applied to the medical field, it is impossible without doctors and hospitals. Healthcare without hospitals is not marketable. Healthcare continues to expand at CES, but few doctors visit the CES showroom. Whether healthcare becomes a real future industry ultimately depends on how much it can attract the medical community. Medicine and life sciences used to be separate fields, but no one distinguishes them anymore. Healthcare is a combination of medicine and engineering. When the two fields collaborate, the healthcare industry will become the largest industry in the global market.”

- 600 Korean companies participated.

Cheolhong Kim: “I was surprised by the number of software-based companies among Korean startups. It seems to be a thing of the past that Korea is only good at hardware and lagging behind in software. Foreign investors paid attention to companies such as Flask, which creates avatars with just a webcam without a separate sensor, and Lutten, which automatically creates business texts and images. In the end, it seems that the reason for Korea's rapid growth is that software is an area where innovation is more important than accumulation. As software-related departments are popular and attract excellent human resources, the competitiveness of Korean software startups is likely to be further strengthened.”

- Investment in startups is shrinking due to the economic downturn.

Gong Gyeong-cheol: “There are people who are concerned, but this is a cycle that has always existed, such as the dot-com bubble and the global financial crisis. The important thing is that companies that survive this time will eventually become big tech. It should be seen as a process of sowing seeds and covering boulders to make a big tree. Among the founders, it is said that ‘in short, it is a tragedy, but in the broader sense, it is a comedy’. However, it is clear that the mindset of starting a business two or three years ago when investment was active should be different from the mindset of starting a business now.”

☞Professor Seon Jeong-yoon (44)

He holds a Ph.D. in materials engineering from Seoul National University and is an authority in the field of materials and displays. He developed a transparent and stretchable touch panel, an artificial material system that grows on its own like a mushroom, and an artificial spider web that can lift 68 times its own weight. In April 2018, he was awarded the Science and Technology Award of the Month by the Ministry of Science and ICT.

☞Gong Gyeong-cheol (43) Professor

He received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. As an exoskeleton robot expert, he won the gold medal in the field of wearable robots at the International Rehabilitation Robot Olympics, ‘Cybathlon 2020’, beating competitors such as Switzerland and the United States. He founded Angel Robotics, a robot startup in 2017, and is developing robot services for hospitals and personal rehabilitation.

☞Professor Cheolhong Kim (45)

He is an expert in biomedical engineering and biomedical engineering who received his doctorate in medical engineering from the University of Washington in the United States. He developed an optical ultrasound medical imaging system, a next-generation diagnostic medical technology, and was awarded the Science and Technology of the Month in December 2021. He holds more than 40 domestic and foreign patents and founded Optico in 2018, a startup that makes high-speed and high-resolution microscopes.

Criticism of the book, ‘The Dawn of Everything’

Criticism of the book, ‘The Dawn of Everything’

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dawn_of_Everything

Wikipedia-1 : The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity is a 2021 book by anthropologist and anarchist activist David Graeber, and archaeologist David Wengrow. It was first published in the United Kingdom on 19 October 2021 by Allen Lane (an imprint of Penguin Books).[1]

Graeber and Wengrow finished the book around August 2020.[2] Its American edition is 704 pages long, including a 63-page bibliography.[2] It was a finalist for the Orwell Prize for Political Writing (2022).[3]

Drawing attention to the diversity of early human societies, the book critiques traditional narratives of history's linear development from primitivism to civilization.[4] Instead, The Dawn of Everything posits that humans lived in large, complex, but decentralized polities for millennia.[5] It relies on archaeological evidence to show that early societies were diverse and developed numerous political structures.[2]

The Dawn of Everything was widely reviewed in the popular press and in leading academic journals, as well as in activist circles, with dividing opinions being expressed across the board. Both favorable and critical reviewers noted its challenge to existing paradigms in the study of human history.

The authors open the book by suggesting that current popular views on the progress of western civilization, as presented by Francis Fukuyama, Jared Diamond, Steven Pinker and Yuval Noah Harari, are not supported by anthropological or archaeological evidence, but owe more to philosophical dogmas inherited unthinkingly from the Age of Enlightenment. The authors refute the Hobbesian and Rousseauian view on the origin of the social contract, stating that there is no single original form of human society. Moreover, they argue that the transition from foraging to agriculture was not a civilization trap that laid the ground for social inequality, and that throughout history, large-scale societies have often developed in the absence of ruling elites and top-down systems of management.

Eam Taekyoung : Humans have evolved in a direction optimized for hunting through perfect upright posture and relentless running, and have achieved optimal efficiency by minimizing the moment (force to rotate around a point) generated in the body during energy acquisition activities. This dramatically increased the efficiency of obtaining food for survival, which led to population growth (see research papers from Colorado State University and Washington University in St. Louis). However, as time passed, they faced the limits of food supply by hunting and gathering. Hunting is possible in flatlands such as the Serengeti in Africa, but in valleys, explosive agility is more important than persistence. In the end, it seems that the population growth and the expansion of the living area to the valley area due to this naturally flowed into the choice of accepting agriculture as an alternative to hunting and gathering.



Wikipedia-2 : Rejecting the "origins of inequality" as a framework for understanding human history, the authors consider where this question originated, and find the answers in a series of encounters between European settlers and the Indigenous populations of North America. They argue that the latter provided a powerful counter-model to European civilisation and a sustained critique of its hierarchy, patriarchy, punitive law, and profit-motivated behaviour, which entered European thinking in the 18th century through travellers accounts and missionary relations, to be widely imitated by the thinkers of the Enlightenment. They illustrate this process through the historical example of the Wendat leader Kondiaronk, and his depiction in the best-selling works of the Baron Lahontan, who had spent ten years in the colonies of New France. The authors further argue that the standard narrative of social evolution, including the framing of history as modes of production and a progression from hunter-gatherer to farmer to commercial civilisation, originated partly as a way of silencing this Indigenous critique, and recasting human freedoms as naive or primitive features of social development.

Subsequent chapters develop these initial claims with archaeological and anthropological evidence. The authors describe ancient and modern communities that self-consciously abandoned agricultural living, employed seasonal political regimes (switching back and forth between authoritarian and communal systems), and constructed urban infrastructure with egalitarian social programs. The authors then present extensive evidence for the diversity and complexity of political life among non-agricultural societies on different continents, from Japan to the Americas, including cases of monumental architecture, slavery, and the self-conscious rejection of slavery through a process of cultural schismogenesis. They then examine archaeological evidence for processes that eventually led to the adoption and spread of agriculture, concluding that there was no Agricultural Revolution, but a process of slow change, taking thousands of years to unfold on each of the world's continents, and sometimes ending in demographic collapse (e.g. in prehistoric Europe). They conclude that ecological flexibility and sustained biodiversity were key to the successful establishment and spread of early agriculture.

Eam Taekyoung : 'Excessive energy accumulation' and 'speed of deepening energy distribution imbalance' are the speed of aging of individual life or individual social organism. As Harvard University biologist Bernd Heinrich puts it, "Eating extra calories means growing faster, maturing faster, and thus living a shorter lifespan." The difference between European settlers and Native American societies is that the social aging of European settlers was much faster than that of Native Americans. Meanwhile, the structure of human society has evolved in the direction of more sophisticated imitation of the human body and mind (brain). Rapid aging increased the sophistication of the social structure, which is an expression of imitation. It doesn't seem too difficult for a seasoned, aggressive society to take over a younger, less aggressive one.



Wikipedia-3 : The authors then go on to explore the issue of scale in human history, with archaeological case studies from early China, Mesoamerica, Europe (Ukraine), the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa (Egypt). They conclude that contrary to standard accounts, the concentration of people in urban settlements did not lead mechanistically to the loss of social freedoms or the rise of ruling elites. While acknowledging that in some cases, social stratification was a defining feature of urban life from the beginning, they also document cases of early cities that present little or no evidence of social hierarchies, lacking such elements as temples, palaces, central storage facilities, or written administration, as well as examples of cities like Teotihuacan, that began as hierarchical settlements, but reversed course to follow more egalitarian trajectories, providing high quality housing for the majority of citizens. They also discuss at some length the case of Tlaxcala as an example of Indigenous urban democracy in the Americas, before the arrival of Europeans, and the existence of democratic institutions such as municipal councils and popular assemblies in ancient Mesopotamia.

Synthesizing these findings, the authors move to discovering underlying factors for the rigid, hierarchical, and highly bureaucratized political system of contemporary civilization. Rejecting the category of "the State" as a trans-historical reality, they instead define three basic sources of domination in human societies: control over violence (sovereignty), control over information (bureaucracy), and charismatic competition (politics). They explore the utility of this new approach by comparing examples of early centralised societies that elude definition as states, such as the Olmec and Chavín de Huántar, as well as the Inca, China in the Shang dynasty, the Maya Civilization, and Ancient Egypt. From this they go on to argue that these civilisations were not direct precursors to our modern states, but operated on very different principles. The origins of modern states, they conclude, are shallow rather than deep, and owe more to colonial violence than to social evolution. Returning to North America, the authors then bring the story of the Indigenous critique and Kondiaronk full circle, showing how the values of freedom and democracy encountered by Europeans among the Wendat and neighbouring peoples had historical roots in the rejection of an earlier system of hierarchy, with its focus at the urban center of Cahokia on the Mississippi.

Based on their accumulated discussions, the authors conclude by proposing a reframing of the central questions of human history. Instead of the origins of inequality, they suggest that our central dilemma is the question of how modern societies have lost the qualities of flexibility and political creativity that were once more common. They ask how we have apparently "got stuck" on a single trajectory of development, and how violence and domination became normalised within this dominant system. Without offering definitive answers, the authors end the book by suggesting lines of further investigation. These focus on the loss of three basic forms of social freedom, which they argue were once common: the freedom to escape one's surroundings and move away, the freedom to disobey arbitrary authority, and the freedom to reimagine and reconstruct one's society in a different form. They emphasise the loss of women's autonomy, and the insertion of principles of violence into basic notions of social care at the level of domestic and family relations, as crucial factors in establishing more rigid political systems. The book ends by suggesting that received narratives of social development are largely myths, and that possibilities for social emancipation can be found in a more accurate understanding of human history, based on scientific evidence that has come to light only in the last few decades.

Eam Taekyoung : Instability is the driving force behind the evolution of life and social organisms (organizations, nations, etc.). Nobel laureate in chemistry, Ilya Prigogine, said, "Irreversibility leads to instability, instability begets self-organization, and self-organization gives rise to life." In the same principle, desire (irreversibility) causes confusion (instability), confusion (instability) gives birth to the will to change (self-organization), and the will to change (self-organization) has conceived a new society (life).

All living beings walk the path of optimal efficiency in their own way. However, the path can be classified into two paths. The first way is to conform to the will (survival and reproduction) of the selfish genes (blueprints). The second way is to go beyond the will of this gene through metacognition. This is a violation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. ​ Socrates' words "Know thyself!" can be seen as the official starting point of metacognition and social evolution.

#Criticism of the #book, #The #Dawn of #Everything